Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often discussed in terms of visible traits: fidgeting, distractibility, forgetfulness or restlessness. But those are just the traits we can see.

ADHD is a complex developmental condition rooted in the brain’s motivational, attention and executive-function systems. And much of what looks like “disruptive behaviour” from the outside is often evidence of profound, ongoing internal struggle.

Because the brain’s attention and motivational systems function differently, many people with ADHD struggle to filter out background noise, prioritize routine tasks and put the brakes on sudden impulses. While this can cause real challenges with executive functioning like initiating tasks, staying organized and managing one’s time, it also brings remarkable strengths.

When an individual with ADHD finds a task they are genuinely connected to, they can focus for long periods and bring out-of-the-box creativity and high-energy problem-solving to it.

ADHD is a neurotype that requires accommodations, including a better study environment, flexible workplace hours and understanding from loved ones. Research suggests that, for many who live with these challenges, the struggle is far more complex and profoundly internal.

It is also a struggle of performance. It can mean maintaining a constant state of “masking” that can be just as debilitating as the symptoms themselves, if not more so. Think of masking not as choosing to be polite or make a good impression, but as a survival strategy. It’s what people do when they fear being judged, misunderstood or discriminated against.

My research with my colleagues illuminates this often invisible struggle faced by many adults diagnosed with........

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