The heatwaves of late May and June killed an estimated 2,700 people in England and Wales, according to a recent analysis – around 550 in May, when west London hit 35.1°C, and 2,200 in June, as East Anglia reached 37°C.

Both events broke records that had stood since 1944 and 1976, and researchers estimate that 42% of the deaths were attributable to the extra heat resulting from human-induced climate change. They add to a mounting toll: more than 10,000 people died during UK heatwaves between 2020 and 2024, according to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA).

Public health experts call extreme heat a “silent killer” that can claim anyone, even the young and fit. That is true and worth repeating. But it obscures the pattern of what is happening: heat deaths are not scattered randomly across the population. They fall predictably and measurably on particular people in particular homes.

Around 60% of the estimated deaths in May and June were among people aged over 85. But age is only part of the story, because vulnerability to heat is socially patterned. A Government Actuary’s Department analysis, published days before the June heatwave, shows that England’s most deprived communities are concentrated in dense urban areas with the least green space – places........

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