Theoretical Foundations and Historical Realities

It is evident in recent times how relations among states have been reshaped. Realists believe that the international system is in a state of anarchy, where no central regulatory body exists to regulate state affairs. The survival mechanism of states is based on self-help, and the main goal is to achieve power and security. However, liberalists preach the message of cooperation, shared values, and mutual gains. States speak the language of liberalism but practice realism.

Over time, history has witnessed the evolution of state partnerships based on economic and strategic gains. During the Cold War, Pakistan joined the US-led Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) pacts, not because of ideological conviction. It was an interest-based alliance: Pakistan needed a strong ally against India, while Washington needed bases against the Soviet Union. In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, and Pakistan became a frontline state overnight, receiving billions in aid and weapons tied to a single interest. Once the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the Pressler Amendment cut off military assistance. This shows that once the interest disappeared, the alliance faded.

Pakistan and China’s friendship, celebrated as an “all-weather friendship,” is not immune to this phenomenon. The Iron Brothers have shared a steady relationship since 1951, reinforced by reciprocal benefits: China, being a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), provides diplomatic cover to Pakistan. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), launched in 2015, brings a $62 billion long-term investment to Pakistan, developing infrastructure, energy, roads, power plants, and the Gwadar Port.

However, it also carries heavy loan repayments and interest. China also provides support on the technological front; the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet is........

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