THE renewed debate over new provinces, devolution and the nature of governance ultimately converges on a larger question: what kind of state, administrative structure and constitutional order does Pakistan need? Pakistan needs a strong state, but a strong state is not synonymous with a stronger establishment. Defence and security institutions are indispensable, but national strength also requires effective political institutions, a functioning Parliament, empowered local governments and constitutional supremacy.

The demand for new provinces should, therefore, be assessed on the basis of governance rather than political convenience. Where population, geography and administrative complexity make effective governance difficult, creating new administrative units may be justified. But if new provinces merely create additional capitals, bureaucracies and political centres without improving service delivery, the map may change while citizens remain underserved.

Punjab has long witnessed demands for South Punjab and Bahawalpur, reflecting questions of representation, development and administrative accessibility. Sindh presents a different sensitivity, particularly regarding Karachi. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has its own considerations, including the Hazara demand and the administrative integration of the former tribal areas. Balochistan, with its vast geography, sparse population, mineral wealth and development and security challenges, also........

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