The artificial ice pyramids saving India's mountain villages

At an altitude of almost 4,000m (13,000ft) and receiving almost no rainfall, the Himalayan village of Sakti is a hostile place to be a farmer.

"Ladakh has a brutal, single-cultivation season," says Gelak Gutme, who has been growing wheat, peas and potatoes there for most of his 65 years.

"It is a desert with an extreme climate," he says.

Conditions have become worse in his lifetime. Global warming means that the smaller, low altitude glaciers they relied on to water their crops have disappeared.

"Now there is scarcity of water. Last year I lost everything - my entire field got dried due of lack of water," Gutme says.

"For generations, small glaciers sitting right above the valleys acted like frozen water towers, holding onto water all winter and releasing it right when spring farming began," explains Lobzang Fardod, who is a member of a local water management committee in Ladakh.

"Now that those lower glaciers have completely vanished into a desert of dry rock, there is nothing left at the top to melt," he says.

The mountain summer is short, so farmers have to plant their crops by May, otherwise the crops will not be ready before the winter hits again.

A reliable source of water in early spring is crucial for them.

To secure that vital resource, in the early 2010s some Ladakh villages attempted to create their own reservoirs of ice.

The system involved piping water from higher up in the mountains during the winter and spraying it into the air, where it would freeze, and over time form large towers of ice, called ice stupas.

They successfully supplied melt water in the spring, but were a "nightmare" to manage under harsh winter conditions, says........

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