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This article was originally published by Centre for Economic Data and Analysis (CEDA), Ashoka University.

Child malnutrition remains one of the most pressing challenges in India. Nearly one-third of children under the age of five are stunted: a condition reflecting chronic undernutrition that has lasting consequences for physical growth, cognitive development, and later-life outcomes.

But these outcomes are not evenly distributed. A closer look reveals stark inequalities across social groups. In earlier work , we show that children from historically marginalized caste groups are significantly more likely to be stunted than their more advantaged counterparts. These gaps are large, persistent, and visible across the country.

What explains these gaps? A substantial body of research has pointed to factors such as poverty, sanitation, birth order, and gender bias. These are undoubtedly important. Yet, taken together, they do not fully account for the scale of the disparities we observe across caste groups.

In recent work published in the Journal of Economic Behavior & Organisation, we take a step further and ask whether caste-based discrimination may be an important part of the story.

A simple comparison across a historical boundary

To examine this, we make use of a historical and social divide within India: the Vindhyas mountain range. The Vindhyas have long marked a boundary between the regions where the areas to the North of the Vindhyas range comprise the North Central and Central plains, also known as the Indo-Gangetic plain, once home to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE, and later known as “Aryavarta” during the Vedic period (c. 1500–600 BCE). This is what was historically the historical geographical span of Hinduism, bounded to the south by the Vindhyas mountain range (Thapar, 1990; Sharma, 2016).

Drawing on this history, we suggest that the caste system and practices such as untouchability more strongly define the social code of the caste system to the North of the Vindhyas range compared to the South of the Vindhyas range. This variation provides a useful lens. If discrimination plays a role........

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