Imagine getting into a London taxi. Someone is sitting in the driver’s seat, but the car is driving itself. If the autonomous system gets into difficulty, they must recognise what is happening, decide whether to intervene and, within seconds, potentially take control.

This is no longer hypothetical. Uber and the British autonomous driving company, Wayve, have been granted licences to operate self-driving taxis in London with human safety drivers seated inside, with more than 100,000 people having joined a waiting list for the service. Uber launched its service, with 15 autonomous vehicles, on September 3.

Much of the debate thus far has focused on whether robotaxis will eventually replace human drivers. But there is another important question: what happens to human skill when our job changes from doing something to watching a machine do it?

Driving involves reading the road, anticipating others’ behaviour, judging risk and responding to unexpected situations. Autonomous vehicles transfer much of this work to software, but humans don’t necessarily become unskilled; their expertise changes.

They become less of an operator and more of a critical supervisor. There is, however, a problem with this arrangement, one that was identified long before today’s enthusiasm for AI.

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