IN the field of international politics and modern military strategy, it is becoming increasingly evident that military power alone does not guarantee decisive success in any conflict.

In the post–Cold War era, conventional wars have largely given way to limited, hybrid and multi-dimensional conflicts in which cyber warfare, information operations, economic pressure, proxy networks and diplomatic engagement operate simultaneously. Within this context, India’s “Operation Sindoor” and the United States’ “Operation Epic Fury” can be viewed as examples where the use of force did not translate into the achievement of intended strategic objectives and both operations fell short of delivering comprehensive success. When examining the objectives of “Operation Epic Fury,” its primary goals were to limit or dismantle Iran’s nuclear capability, weaken its missile program, reduce its regional influence and neutralize its proxy networks. The ground realities proved otherwise. Iran’s nuclear infrastructure was not completely eliminated and its scientific and technical capabilities remained intact in one form or another. Its missile and drone programs continued to function and periodic demonstrations of these capabilities underscored Iran’s defensive strength and capacity for response.

Iran’s proxy networks in the region were also not fully neutralized. Various affiliated groups continued their activities, highlighting the fact that eliminating a state’s influence entirely through military........

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