Congress loves to wrap legislation in the language of the public interest. This year's surface transportation reauthorization bill is no exception. Supporters describe the House Transportation Committee-passed package as a major safety bill designed to make America's transportation system more secure and efficient.

Beneath their rhetoric lies the familiar Washington story of a bill shaped less by evidence than by the demands of organized interests.

Perhaps the clearest example comes from the rail provisions. If the bill is being driven by a coherent safety philosophy, why would legislators soften rules requiring the faster replacement of old hazardous-materials tank cars, despite repeated recommendations from the independent National Transportation Safety Board? Some safety recommendations are treated as essential, while others become negotiable once influential people object.

The reason, of course, is politics, which comes with clientelism.

Much of the debate over freight-car inspections didn't center on the frequency, timing or type of inspections required — things the conversation would focus on if safety was the overriding goal. Instead, most of the argument centered on who would perform inspections.

Labor organizations pushed provisions that would narrow who counts as qualified to inspect freight cars, thereby reserving those jobs for organized carmen. They opposed railroads' de facto........

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