In the 21st century, as terrorism spreads globally, national security has become a fundamental aspect of states’ foreign policies. The methods and tools used to counter existential threats depend not only on the specific regions involved but also on each country’s status in the international arena. Studying the approaches to national security adopted by regional middle powers highlights and clarifies the distinct mechanisms required for survival and stability.

As a middle and regional power, Israel faces persistent threats in the Middle East, addressing them through decisive military actions and modern methods such as cybersecurity.

The aim of this analysis is to explore Israel’s national security approach, offering insights into how a middle power adapts its strategy in response to evolving international dynamics. The study will examine decision-making processes, the influence of domestic policy on foreign strategy, and the historical context that shapes Israel’s foreign policy direction.

Theoretical Foundations of National Security Strategies

A state’s status on the political stage and its national security strategy can be analyzed through the lens of international relations theories. Foundational theories such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism help us understand how states shape their strategies according to their position on the global stage. These theories are essential to analyze how Israel, operating as a regional middle power amid global uncertainty, develops its security strategy.

Liberalism is a well-established theory emphasizing individual freedom, economic benefits, and cooperation. The inter-liberal security dilemma suggests that ties with like-minded democracies create opportunities for mutually beneficial trade and alliances. From a liberal perspective, increased interdependence reduces the reliance purely on power-based diplomacy. For a regional middle power like Israel, engagement extends to strategic economic frameworks, energy partnerships (such as offshore gas developments), and international cooperation, helping protect national interests and ensure long-term stability.

Constructivism, distinct from a rational approach, emphasizes that a state’s identity and........

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