Of all the water that blankets our planet, nearly every drop ~ 97.43 percent ~ is saline. Freshwater, the lifeblood of civilization, makes up a fragile 2.57 per cent, and of that, rivers ~ the veins that nourish cities, crops, and ecosystems ~ account for a vanishingly small 0.002 per cent. It is this microscopic share, shimmering through our landscapes and sustaining every forest, farm, and life form, that humanity depends upon for its very survival. Despite humanity’s perilous dependence on this sliver of freshwater, the world’s response to deepening water crises remains astonishingly narrow.

From parched cities and vanishing aquifers to conflicts, collapsing canals, and climate-driven extremes, the planet’s mounting emergencies have done little to expand our gaze beyond this tiny, fraction of the Earth’s reserves. Consider this: as the global population surges from 8 billion today towards nearly 10 billion by 2050, the demand for food, energy, and water will soar to unprecedented heights. Groundwater reserves, the planet’s hidden lifelines, are in alarming retreat, while the strain on rivers, lakes, and reservoirs deepens by the day. UNICEF warns that half of humanity already lives under conditions of water stress. In India, the situation is especially dire: according to NITI Aayog, nearly 600 million people ~ about 45 per cent of the population ~ were grappling with severe water scarcity as early as 2020. By 2030, demand is expected to outstrip supply by nearly twofold. To make matters worse, the country’s aging dams and decaying infrastructure are further choking an already dwindling freshwater reserve.

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One reason humanity remains trapped within the narrow confines of freshwater dependence lies in a deep-rooted perception: that saline water ~ with total dissolved solids above 1,000 milligrams per litre ~ is inherently unusable for drinking,........

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