At every Football World Cup and any other major football tournament, it is not only Les Bleus performances on the pitch that come under scrutiny, but also the players’ identities, their migrant backgrounds and the extent to which they represent France and French society. This recurrent question speaks to unresolved issues and questions about France’s collective national identity, long-standing debates about immigration, and how France views itself. Above and beyond the team’s line-up, the unresolved question of the country’s postcolonial identity and what it means to be French in the 21st century is replayed at every tournament.

When head coach Didier Deschamps unveiled the starting XI for France’s 2026 World Cup campaign, one of the first questions he was asked concerned the inclusion of players from France’s overseas territories in the official squad. In response, Deschamps emphasised that the national team reflected both French society and its history. This statement quickly sparked widespread debate, particularly on social media, where it became apparent that, for many, the team’s composition did not match their vision of France. Like many of his predecessors, Didier Deschamps had, in fact, just announced a squad predominantly made up of players from immigrant backgrounds. And, like his predecessors, he found himself confronted with a question that has long dogged the French national team: do Les Bleus truly represent France and French society?

When France won its first World Cup in 1998, the celebrations were widely interpreted through the prism of national identity. The slogan “Black-Blanc-Beur” (“Black, White, Arab”) emerged as a symbol of a multicultural France. Conversely, when things went wrong for Les Bleus, for instance, during the 2010........

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