Ceuta, a small Spanish enclave on the Moroccan mainland, was unprepared for the arrival of more than 70,000 undocumented migrants on July 30. They arrived mostly by sea, from Morocco via the Tarajal breakwaters and its shoreline.

The minuscule city of just seven square miles had few provisions for food, shelter or support for the unexpected arrivals. This was a shocking exposure of the apparent porosity of the city’s heavily fortified borders.

More than 95% of the migrants have since returned via the land border, following emergency negotiations between the governments of Spain and Morocco. Those who remain have overwhelmed the city’s migrant reception centres.

According to the latest figures from Spain, at least 88 people are known to have lost their lives while attempting to cross into Ceuta.

The mass influx, however temporary, has fuelled some far-right and nationalist political reactions, as well as protests by those resisting Europe’s rising populism and anti-immigrant sentiments.

Read more: How the Ceuta border crossing incident immediately played into the hands of Spain’s far right

It has also led to the swift installation of yet another border separating Spain, and Europe, from Morocco by way of a sea barrier at the Tarajal.

Ceuta, like its even smaller sister city of Melilla, also an........

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