EDINBURGH—When a torrent of water, rock, and mud tore through Nepal’s Himalayan mountain valleys on August 26, following the collapse of a glacier and the mountainside beneath it, more than 1,300 people were killed, and nearly 5,000 are still missing. Tens of thousands of other lives have been severely disrupted: Nepal’s economy has ground to a halt, and many schools were destroyed.

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The disaster began when a huge section of glacier and rock fell more than 4,000 vertical feet into the valley below, causing water levels downriver to rise by as much as 30 feet (9.1 meters) in 30 minutes. Towns and villages across a wide swath of the country were washed........

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