IN the third decade of the twenty-first century, the world stands at a crossroads where traditional warfare is increasingly being replaced by hybrid warfare, cyber attacks, artificial intelligence, drone technology, missile systems, and economic pressure. Under such circumstances, it has become more difficult than ever for any country to ensure its security on its own. This is why the importance of collective defence cooperation is steadily increasing across the world.

The Joint Defence Agreement concluded in Makkah reflects this changing global reality. Although the details of the agreement and the various stages of its implementation will become clearer with time, its fundamental spirit appears to be centred on strengthening defence cooperation among Muslim countries, enhancing collective security, facilitating intelligence sharing, and integrating modern military........

© Pakistan Observer