PAKISTAN has maintained a professional relationship with the International Atomic Energy Agency. As a founding member, it has fulfilled its commitments to the Agency since its inception. The agency assists in advancing and maintaining the safety and security of member states’ civilian nuclear infrastructure. Though the Agency is discreetly monitoring the country’s civilian program, it frequently praises and publicises Pakistani scientists’ skills and expertise to ensure the safety and security of nuclear power plants.

The nuclear energy’s potential for civilian use has been realized from the outset. However, the dual use of nuclear technology and material alarmed the proliferation of nuclear weapons, resulting in a cautious approach to the transfer of nuclear technology and material for peaceful purposes. The United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954 authorized the transfer of nuclear technology and material for peaceful purposes.

The probability of nuclear weapons proliferation as a by-product of nuclear cooperation for the promotion of peaceful use of nuclear technology under bilateral as well as multilateral arrangements resulted in the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957. Since its establishment, the IAEA has emerged as an important international institution that thwarts the horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons. The IAEA promotes and facilitates the peaceful use of nuclear energy and concurrently implements safeguards to prevent the diversion of nuclear materials and technology for military........

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