Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s tenure has been marked by a series of constitutional reforms that have left a profound imprint on India’s democratic fabric.

On the occasion of India’s Constitution Day, we examine the five most significant reforms that have strengthened constitutional principles, balancing integration, equality, and institutional advancement, thereby reshaping the nation’s legal, political, and social contours.

1. Abrogation of Article 370: Integrating Jammu and Kashmir

Arguably the most far-reaching reform under Modi, the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019 ended the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir. It eliminated a long-standing constitutional exception, bringing the region fully under the ambit of the Indian Constitution. The practical effect was sweeping: all national laws and rights now applied equally, property restrictions were abolished, and the separate state constitution ceased to operate.

The Supreme Court upheld the process, affirming the move’s legitimacy and establishing a precedent for the central government’s legislative authority in matters of integration. While debates over autonomy and federalism persist, the reform........

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