Whether dealing with coeliac disease, gluten intolerance or just tummy troubles, many Americans swear their digestive issues mysteriously ease up when they travel to Europe, the supposed land of consequence-free carbs.

While some of that likely comes down to portion size and wheat quality, another often-overlooked factor is how the pasta is cooked. You’d never catch an Italian cooking their pasta beyond al dente – and sometimes, it’s even a little firmer than that.

According to Marissa Karp, founder and lead registered dietitian at MPM Nutrition in New York, the longer pasta cooks, the more its starches soften and become available to our bodies when we eat it. But more isn’t always better.

How long pasta is cooked can affect how quickly it’s digested, how quickly it raises blood sugar and how you feel after the meal – from steady and satisfied to heavy and ready for a nap.

Ahead, registered dietitians break down the different levels of pasta doneness, what noodles look and feel like at each stage, and how each one affects digestion, energy and blood sugar.

Firm: how it affects your digestion

Defined as two or three minutes less cook time than the package instructions, “firm” pasta sits at the very beginning of the doneness spectrum. Go ahead and ignore the box here – your spaghetti won’t be raw, but it will have more texture than most Americans are used to.

“Firm pasta has the most bite to it,” Karp said. “There’s clear resistance when you press it between your teeth.” 

When pasta is cooked a little firmer,........

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