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AI could reverse social media’s worst consequence

The internet fractured reality. Chatbots might put it back together.

For more than four decades, technological progress has been undermining expert authority, democratizing public debate, and steering individuals toward ever-more bespoke conceptions of reality.

In the mid-20th century, the high costs of television production — and physical limitations of the broadcast spectrum — tightly capped the number of networks. ABC, NBC, and CBS collectively owned TV news. On any given evening in the 1960s, roughly 90 percent of viewers were watching one of the Big Three’s newscasts.

Journalistic programs weren’t just limited in number, but also ideological content. The networks’ news divisions all sought the broadest possible audience, a business model that discouraged airing iconoclastic viewpoints. And they also relied overwhelmingly on official sources — politicians, military officials, and credentialed experts — whose perspectives fell within the narrow bounds of respectable opinion.

This media environment cultivated broad public agreement over basic facts and widespread trust in mainstream institutions. It also helped the government wage a barbaric war in the name of lies.

There’s evidence that LLMs converge on a common (and largely accurate) picture of reality.

LLMs have successfully persuaded users to abandon false and conspiratorial beliefs.

Unlike social media companies, AI labs have an economic incentive to spread accurate information.

Still, there are reasons to fear that AI will nonetheless make public discourse worse.

For better and worse, subsequent advances in information technology diffused influence over public opinion — at first gradually and then all at once. During the closing decades of the 20th century, cable eroded barriers to entry in the TV news business, facilitating the rise of Fox News and MSNBC, networks that catered to previously underrepresented political sensibilities.

But the internet brought the real revolution. By slashing the cost of publishing and distribution nearly to zero, digital platforms enabled anyone with an internet connection to reach a mass audience. Traditional arbiters of headline news, scientific fact, and legitimate opinion — editors, producers, and academics — exerted less and less veto power over public discourse. Outlets and influencers proliferated, many defining themselves in opposition to established institutions. All the while, social media algorithms shepherded their users into customized streams of information, each optimized for their personal engagement.

The democratic nature of digital media initially inspired utopian hopes. It promised to expose the blind spots of cultural elites, increase the accountability of elected officials, and put virtually all human knowledge at everyone’s fingertips. And the internet has done all of these things, at least to some extent.

Yet it has also helped pro-Hitler podcasters reach an audience of millions, enabled influencers with body dysmorphia to sell teenagers on self-mutilation, elevated crackpots to the commanding heights of American public health — and, more generally, eroded the intellectual standards, shared understandings, social trust, and (small-l) liberalism on which rational self-government depends.

Many assume that the latest breakthrough in information technology — generative AI — will deepen these pathologies: In a world of photorealistic deepfakes, even video evidence may surrender its capacity to forge consensus. Sycophantic large language models (LLMs), meanwhile, could reinforce ideologues’ delusions. And fully automated film production could enable extremists to flood the internet with slick propaganda.

But there’s reason to think that this is too pessimistic. Rather than deepening social media’s effects on public opinion, AI may partially reverse them — by increasing the influence of credentialed experts and fostering........

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