Recent reported attacks on Jewish individuals, including one in London, have renewed concerns about antisemitism in liberal democracies such as the United Kingdom, United States, and France, prompting debate about the resilience of social cohesion and norms of tolerance in these societies.

Although there has been a noticeable rise in antisemitic rhetoric and physical attacks following the October 7 Hamas-led attacks on Israel and Israel’s subsequent military response in Gaza, these events should be understood as a trigger rather than a root cause. Antisemitism has a long and complex history, and there is no shortage of........

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