Silenced for Stability? Freedom of Speech and the Cost of “National Interest” in Somaliland

Freedom of speech is a fundamental human right that enables individuals to express ideas, opinions, and beliefs without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction. It is widely regarded as a cornerstone of democratic governance, as it facilitates accountability, informed public debate, and the pursuit of truth. However, in practice, this right often exists in tension with claims of “national interest,” particularly in politically sensitive or fragile contexts. Somaliland presents a clear example of this tension, where constitutional guarantees of free expression frequently collide with state efforts to preserve sovereignty, security, and international credibility.

The Foundations of Freedom of Speech

Freedom of speech encompasses more than spoken or written words. It includes the right to publish and disseminate information, the protection of press freedom, symbolic expression, and the public’s right to receive information. Together, these elements ensure that citizens can participate meaningfully in political life and hold those in power to account. In democratic theory, unrestricted debate allows competing ideas to be evaluated openly, strengthening both governance and social cohesion.

At the same time, freedom of speech is not absolute. Most legal systems recognize limits where expression causes direct and demonstrable harm, such as incitement to violence, defamation, or credible threats. The challenge lies in defining these limits narrowly and applying them consistently, without allowing vague concepts to become tools for........

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