The 29th session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP29), held on Oct 19, 2025, in Baku, Azerbaijan, marked a milestone in global climate diplomacy. With nearly 56,000 participants, including over 80 Heads of State and Government, representatives from civil society, businesses, indigenous communities, youth organisations, and international bodies, it was among the largest such gatherings ever. The session gained particular significance for concluding the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement — an assessment revealing that progress across all fronts of climate action remains alarmingly slow. From cutting greenhouse gas emissions to building resilience and mobilising finance and technology for vulnerable nations, the world is far from where it needs to be. Responding to this reality,........

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