The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement testifies to the fact that Pakistan has emerged as a net-security provider in the region. It is a historic development coming at a time when the Middle East is in turmoil, and the conventional security calculus has gone for a toss. With the United States in a mindset of retreat from the region, and a realisation from the Gulf States that they need to evolve a new, self-reliant security paradigm, the defence pact between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkiye is a........

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