Andy Burnham’s central vision is for a devolved system of local government that promotes economic growth and fosters local pride. The prime minister’s approach resonates with something known as the “municipal gospel” that swept through Victorian cities in the late 19th century. This history offers some useful insights into the current challenges.

By the middle of the 19th century, Britain’s rapidly industrialising northern cities began to recognise that they had to take direct action to improve infrastructure and ameliorate poverty and slums. This approach became known as the “municipal gospel”. By the early 20th century, gas, water, local transport and electricity were mostly run – profitably – by municipal authorities (what would be councils today). These had often bought out the companies that provided them previously.

The legacy of the municipal gospel is all around – from parks to concert halls, art galleries, town halls, universities, libraries and hospitals. But it was not just physical infrastructure that characterised the new philosophy. The industrial cities also sought to stimulate science, innovation and education, as well as art, culture and leisure. The aim was to foster a sense of municipal pride as well as keep their industries at the forefront of invention.

Joseph Chamberlain, who became mayor of Birmingham in 1873, most clearly articulated the doctrine. He argued that only municipal authorities had the capacity to tackle the problems that blighted lives and damaged industry.

Chamberlain demonstrated that Birmingham could run basic........

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