The fire at a major oil refinery in the Victorian city of Geelong has now reportedly been extinguished. But with thick smoke from the blaze lingering in the air on Thursday, many residents in Geelong and surrounding areas will understandably be worried.

What is released into the air when a refinery burns? And is the smoke bad for your health?

For most people, serious long-term health effects are unlikely. However, there can be short-term risks, and some groups are more vulnerable than others. So here’s what to look out for and how to stay safe.

What is in the air when an oil refinery burns?

Smoke from an oil refinery fire is made up of many different pollutants. The exact mix depends on what material is burning, how hot the fire is, and how long it lasts.

Typically, these fires release fine particles, known as PM2.5 and PM10, which are small enough to travel deep into the lungs.

They can also release toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, along with volatile organic compounds including benzene.

For people living further from the fire, fine particles are typically the main concern because they can travel long distances and linger in the air.

What are the health risks?

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