The United Kingdom has traditionally been regarded as one of the world’s most stable parliamentary democracies, characterised by strong institutions, political continuity, and orderly transfers of power. Yet, the decade since the Brexit referendum has witnessed an unprecedented level of political turbulence. Since 2016, Britain has seen an extraordinary succession of prime ministers: David Cameron, Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, Rishi Sunak, and now, Keir Starmer. Such rapid turnover has raised serious questions about the resilience of British governance and the capacity of political leadership to address long-term national challenges. At the heart of this instability lies Brexit, an event that has fundamentally reshaped British politics and continues to cast a long shadow over the country’s political landscape. The referendum of 23 June 2016 was intended to settle Britain’s relationship with the European Union. Instead, it opened a prolonged period of political uncertainty and division. Brexit became much more than a question of membership of the European Union; it evolved into a debate over national identity, sovereignty, immigration, and Britain’s place in the world. The narrow vote to leave exposed deep social and political cleavages and transformed the internal dynamics of political parties, particularly the Conservative Party. The first casualty of Brexit was Prime Minister David Cameron himself. Having called the referendum in the expectation........

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