For decades, Europe’s security architecture has relied on transatlantic cooperation with the United States, primarily through NATO. However, shifting U.S. foreign policy priorities, particularly under President Trump, has exposed vulnerabilities in Europe’s defense framework.

The suspension of U.S. military support for Ukraine and declining backing for NATO have highlighted the risks of excessive dependence on American security assurances. In response, European leaders, especially French President Emmanuel Macron, have called for “strategic autonomy” from U.S. defense policies. This shift is particularly relevant given the ongoing war in Ukraine and concerns about the unpredictability of future American commitments. France’s modernization of its nuclear capabilities and the EU’s concerted efforts towards self-reliance signal a transformative moment in European security policy. However, challenges related to financial resources, political unity, and the complexities of legality and strategy make achieving this autonomy difficult.

France is the only nuclear power in the EU, possessing approximately 290 nuclear warheads, making it the sole candidate for providing nuclear deterrence to Europe. Historically, France’s nuclear doctrine has prioritized national sovereignty, maintaining its deterrent force independently of NATO. However, President Macron’s proposal to extend France’s nuclear umbrella to its European partners marks a significant shift in strategy. This initiative addresses rising concerns about the fragility of transatlantic relations and the importance of a European-led security framework. The increasing unpredictability of U.S. foreign........

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