The twenty-first century is widely recognised as an era of technological advancement, largely driven by information technology, computers, and internet-based systems. In comparison, however, the twentieth century achieved more substantial and foundational progress across technological, social, and political domains. That century witnessed major innovations in the automobile industry, electric power generation, agricultural productivity, and food sciences. In addition, numerous philosophical theories were introduced, tested, and practically implemented. Politically, the twentieth century saw the rise of communism as well as the eventual end of the Cold War. It also laid the groundwork for modern computer technology. By contrast, the twenty-first century has relatively little to boast of independently; most of its advancements are extensions or refinements of innovations developed during the previous century.

Due to the rapid influx of computer-based and internet-driven technologies, a large segment of Pakistan’s youth is eager to join what appears to be a fast-expanding digital race. Unfortunately, this enthusiasm has come at the cost of neglecting technical, scientific, and research-oriented progress, particularly in education and the basic sciences. Young people are increasingly reluctant to pursue disciplines such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, zoology, agriculture, atomic science, or medical sciences. As a result, while there may be a surge in graduates holding degrees or certifications in computer-based artificial intelligence and........

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