Trial After decades of bloodshed, displacement, and failed diplomacy, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) have taken what appears to be a decisive step toward resolving one of Africa’s most persistent and devastating conflicts. A draft peace agreement mediated by the United States has been reached, providing for the disengagement, disarmament, and conditional integration of armed groups that have terrorised eastern DR Congo for years.

Yet, despite the apparent progress, this breakthrough remains fraught with unresolved tensions, untested promises, and a deeply distrustful regional climate. At the heart of the problem lies the M23 rebel movement, which in recent months has captured vast swathes of eastern DR Congo, including key cities such as Goma and Bukavu. Although Rwanda has repeatedly denied supporting M23, widespread suspicions remain, fuelled by reports of military aid and cross-border involvement. Likewise, Rwanda accuses DR Congo of backing the FDLR, a........

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