One of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century, Bertrand Russell, claimed that philosophy is about developing an attitude free from social conditioning as much as it is about abstract thought. “If you want to become a philosopher, you must try, as far as you can, to get rid of beliefs that depend solely upon the place and time of your education and upon what your parents and schoolmasters told you,” Russell says in his essay “The Art of Philosophy.” He argues that aiming for intellectual independence is a necessary endeavour, even though total disengagement from inherited views is unachievable.

A philosophical mindset encourages critical inquiry, helping individuals recognise biases that fuel conflicts. If more people embraced philosophy, disputes could be settled amicably rather than through violence. By questioning inherited prejudices, societies can work towards a more just world.

Irrational Beliefs and Their Role in Conflict

One of the most profound consequences of irrational beliefs is their contribution to war and social strife. “The only way in which a society can live for any length of time without violent strife is by establishing social justice,” Russell states. However, justice becomes difficult when individuals or groups believe they are........

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