Sixty-one of 281 popular Android VPN apps transmitted user data without encryption across more than 10,000 observed traffic flows, according to a new study from the University of Michigan and the University of New Mexico.

The team built a framework called MVPNalyzer to audit free VPN apps pulled from Google Play Store search results and its VPN Proxy & Tools category.

Launched at the NDSS 2026 Symposium held in February, the tool analyses network traffic, configuration files, and device data on........

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