While most sexual violence is not reported to police, recent Australian statistics show reports of sexual assault to police are rising.

But deciding to report is just the first step in a potentially long legal journey. A new research report, What No One Told Us, highlights that most victims don’t know what to expect from the legal process.

Victims need clear information about the criminal justice system so that they can be prepared and make informed choices. Here’s how it works.

There are different ways to report sexual assault to police in Australia. Victims can call or visit a police station. Several states have online form options, where victims can stay anonymous or include details to be contacted by police.

Victims may be referred to a specialist sexual offences team, who have more training in how to investigate sexual crime.

Police responses can vary. Some investigators can be empathetic and supportive. Others can show victim-blaming attitudes that discourage victims from continuing with their reports. This has been described as the “police rape lottery”.

Race can play a role in how victims are treated by police. As Indigenous academic Amy McQuire points out, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander victims are more likely to be dismissed and ignored.

A victim cannot choose who investigates their case. But they may be able to request a new investigator if they feel unsafe or uncomfortable.

Victims may need to retell their accounts multiple times if investigators go on leave or change roles.

In Australia, there are

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