A plastic drinks bottle is one of the most “recyclable” objects in the modern waste stream. It is lightweight and collected in huge volumes. Yet even for this item, the reality of recycling is messy: labels, inks, caps, food residues, colourants and the occasional wrong plastic all get bundled together. The chemistry may be simple, but the waste is not.

My team is developing a new way to deal with contaminated plastic waste. Instead of assuming perfect sorting, we start from the reality that waste streams are mixed, inconsistent and often dirty – and design chemistry that can tolerate that.

Using nanomaterial-based catalysts, we drive depolymerisation, a process that breaks plastics back into their molecular building blocks. By tuning the reaction, it becomes possible to selectively target specific plastics even in mixed or impure streams. The aim is a process built for real-world waste, not laboratory conditions.

This work matters because the scale of the problem is vast. Globally, only about 9% of plastic waste is recycled after losses and residues are accounted for. Much of the rest is sent to landfill, burned or leaks into the environment.

Recycling can look deceptively successful when you only track what gets collected.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the single polymer – molecular........

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