The lifeblood of Pakistan’s agriculture—the mighty Indus River and its tributaries—is under threat. In a recent journey across key barrages in Punjab and Sindh, I witnessed a stark contrast in water quality, flow, and infrastructure—exposing a deepening crisis that directly affects millions of farmers and rural communities.

Sulemanki & Islam Barrages: A Toxic Reality

On March 26, 2025, I set off from Lahore before dawn, heading toward the Sulemanki Barrage via Okara. What greeted me there was appalling: black, polluted water laced with white toxic froth. While the stench was bearable, the visual impact was devastating. I was told January and February are the worst, with only sewage flowing during those months. Locals and officials confirmed that standing near the barrage during winter is nearly impossible due to the foul odor.

Water for agriculture is critically scarce. Groundwater is brackish and unsuitable, making canal water the only viable source. Yet, during the winter, the ratio of river water to wastewater deteriorates drastically, often reaching 0:100.

Pollution sources span both India and Pakistan. The infamous Hudaira Drain—carrying industrial and urban waste from both countries—is a primary contributor. Lahore’s sewage, nearly half........

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