Pakistan’s fight against terrorism and extremism is often centered around military operations and intelligence-based policing. However, an often-overlooked but crucial factor is local governance—specifically, a well-functioning, administratively and fiscally independent local bodies system.

There is ample evidence from across the country pointing towards the benefits of decentralization. Local governments not only enhance service delivery, they are also very effective in addressing minority concerns and facilitating peaceful conflict resolutions through community engagement and inclusive governance. Unfortunately, there seems to be no tangible plan or motivation within the corridors of power to move in this direction, and thus the entire nation suffers.

Local governments could be an astute solution to a very pertinent problem. In recent years, Pakistan has witnessed a troubling resurgence in terrorism. The Pakistan Institute for Conflict and Security Studies reported over 800 militant attacks in 2024, resulting in more than 1,100 deaths and 1,200 injuries. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan have been particularly affected. The former experienced 308 attacks with 331 fatalities and 244 injuries, and the latter witnessed 293 attacks with 404 fatalities and 569 injuries.

Why do we need a well-functioning local body system to counter extremism in Pakistan? Take the example of one of the most notable terror attacks from 2024, where gunmen targeted a convoy of Shia Muslims in the Kurram District, killing at least 54 and injuring 86. This attack intensified existing ethnic tensions in the region, leading to further retaliatory violence that claimed more lives and closure of the main road for several weeks. The prolonged blockade imposed severe economic and financial costs, disrupting trade, livelihoods, and local markets. Empirical research across different countries provides ample

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