NTERNATIONAL trade routes have been essential for the global economy for centuries, promoting expansion, mutual reliance, and interconnectedness.

However, the 21st century has witnessed a significant shift, increasing the vulnerability of trade routes. The current global trade system relies heavily on a limited number of maritime chokepoints. Approximately 90% of international commerce is transported by ships, with a significant portion of this trade passing through the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal. What once symbolized efficiency and connection, these routes now frequently represent instability.

Among these maritime passages, the Indian Ocean stands out as a vital artery for global trade. It moves energy from the Middle East to Europe and Asia and ships manufactured goods from East Asia worldwide. Maritime analysts estimate about 80% of international trade volume travels by sea, with roughly 60% passing through the Indian Ocean region. The Bab el-Mandeb Strait, also known as the “Gate of Tears,” acts as a separator between Yemen and Djibouti/Eritrea, directing international shipping from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea. This route handles over 3 million barrels of oil daily, along with an estimated 12-15% of global maritime trade.

The Suez Canal stretches 193 km, linking Port Said on the Mediterranean with the city of Suez on the Red Sea. This sea route, the quickest link between Asia and Europe, manages about 12% of global trade and 30% of container traffic. It also accounts for 7-10%........

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