The war between Russia and Ukraine is one of the most significant geopolitical conflicts of the twenty-first century.

What began as a regional dispute has evolved into a prolonged war with profound consequences for global security, international law, economic stability and humanitarian conditions. The conflict has reshaped alliances, intensified rivalries among major powers and challenged the post–Cold War international order. Understanding its origins, progression and impact is essential to grasp its importance in contemporary world affairs.

The roots of the Russia–Ukraine conflict extend deep into history. Ukraine and Russia share centuries of political, cultural and linguistic ties, with Ukraine historically under Russian or Soviet influence. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Ukraine emerged as an independent state, altering the balance of power in Eastern Europe. Despite independence, Ukraine remained economically and politically connected to Russia, but tensions grew as it sought closer ties with Western institutions such as the EU and NATO.........

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