Given its history and its geography, it is no surprise that Poland takes its defense seriously. Its reaction to the “full” Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has been a substantial increase in spending on its military, up from a level that was already more than the (then) NATO target of 2 percent of GDP. Poland will be spending a little under 5 percent of GDP on defense this year.

At a time of increased European doubts over the reliability of the American defense guarantee, there has been speculation that Warsaw might look to develop its own nuclear defense capability.

© National Review