Two elements are vital for fostering a sustainable relationship with China. First, it is important to confront the entrenched historical mistrust that traces back to the Gupta period in the 6th century, which created a philosophical divide between Chinese and Indian viewpoints.

Second, promoting genuine collaboration necessitates a more adaptable and pragmatic strategy rooted in cultural goodwill diplomacy, rather than depending on erratic formal bureaucratic agreements, which involve inherent risk, as the Chinese have previously demonstrated their capacity to unilaterally halt agreements. That is why Russia, Central Asian States, and Southeast Asian countries have implemented both practical and unconventional approaches to work with China.

In modern times, the Indian narrative on China has been influenced by a multifaceted and distorted portrayal of China by the West. Consequently, the Indian military and diplomatic sectors have embraced a cautious stance towards China, thereby perpetuating stereotypes of mistrust and deception. Such mutual perceptions have hardened over time, with the Chinese viewing Indians as overly assertive and unreliable, making it challenging to shift these entrenched beliefs.

It is essential to recognise certain traits of China’s statecraft and its approach to negotiations. The Chinese tend to prioritise establishing long-lasting relationships over the pursuit of immediate benefits, highlighting that trust is more significant than the necessity for formal contracts.

It is essential to recognise that China’s complex society cannot be simplified to Communism, as its roots are profoundly embedded in Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which shape social values and interactions. Consequently, in the context of negotiations, Western entities have come to acknowledge that engaging with China needs more nuanced........

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