In social science discourse, BR Ambedkar is hailed for advancing the idea of equal human rights and for promoting India as a democratic nation-State committed to the values of social development. Ambedkar is also widely seen as the visionary architect of the Constitution of Independent India, which lays the ground for inclusive State policies that accommodate marginalised social groups within emerging institutions of power and privilege. While these points are crucial in assessing Ambedkar’s contribution to building India as a modern democracy, such an assessment remains incomplete, as it often overlooks his core political ideas for liberation, termed swaraj. These ideas envisioned the rise of socially marginalised groups as new claimants of political power and class privileges.

Ambedkar made significant contributions to strengthening the idea of social equality. He recognised that the conventional social order, based on hierarchical and oppressive caste divisions, was fundamentally at odds with the modern values of human freedom and self-respect. Alongside prominent nation-builders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Ambedkar hoped that the modern discourse of equal rights and citizenship would dismantle traditional caste-based divisions, allowing individuals to explore their full human potential as free beings.

Ambedkar further emphasised that it was the responsibility of the new State to act as a guardian institution, carrying the ethical burden of social transformation. He acknowledged that social life in India remained burdened by feudal and Brahmanical structures, which continued to oppress........

© hindustantimes