A stencil made on a cave on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi about 67,800 years ago, is the oldest rock art ever discovered. “This image of a hand (perhaps that of a shaman) was created by someone placing their hand against the wall and then spraying a mouthful of paint around it. The stencil is among hundreds of later paintings of animals and other designs daubed in ochre and charcoal on cave walls, was reported January 21, 2026 in Nature. Until now, the earliest cave art was made by Neandertals in Europe about 65,000 years ago.

This is good evidence of.polytheistic religions 50-100 thousand years ago. Even better is the Göbekli Tepe temple, located in southeastern Turkey near the Syrian border. It is an 11-12,000 year-old archaeological site widely considered the world’s oldest temple structure. Dating to around 9500–8000 BCE, this Pre-Pottery Neolithic site features massive T-shaped stone pillars, some weighing 10 tonnes, arranged in circles, predating Stonehenge by 6,000 years. 

It is the oldest pagan, stone built, polytheistic temple known. Göbekli Tepe has been excavated for about thirty years and only five percent of it has been brought to light. Bones discovered at the site suggest that the hill was used for ritual sacrifices and festivals. 

For unknown reasons, this entire complex of Göbekli Tepe stones, pillars and sculptures were  deliberately buried around 8,000 B. C. E. The Qur’an states: “And mentioned in the Book, Idrees. Indeed, he was a man of truth and a prophet.” so perhaps Prophet Idress, who is often called Prophet Enoch-Enosh, or another very early, unknown Prophet of the One God, convinced the people who worshipped at the polytheistic Göbekli Tepe Temple to bury it; and to move south towards the spaces of the future Jerusalem and Macca. 

The Torah is filled with many people’s names, because God made an ongoing covenant at Mount Sinai, with a very large number of Jacob’s descendants plus those non-Jews who in the future will choose to join the Hebrews. 

The Qur’an has very few names of people, as can be seen in this verse: “O mankind! Be conscious of your Lord, who created you from a single soul (Adam) and created its mate from it (Eve), and spread many (millions of) men and women from them.” (Qur’an 4: 1) The earliest monotheistic Temple was rebuilt many centuries later in Arabia by Prophet Abraham, the Hebrew (Genesis 14:13) and Prophet Ismael, Abraham’s son. 

There is a Holy Link between the Muslim Kaab’a and the Jewish Jerusalem Temple. Shamefully, politicalized religious leaders have turned sacred sites in both India and Israel into battle

grounds for their brand of religious exclusivity. Yet an ancient Jewish legend predicts that when the Messiah comes and resurrection day occurs; the Kaab’a in holy Mecca, will go to join the Temple Mount’s Foundation Stone in holy Jerusalem, bringing the inhabitants of Mecca, and they shall be joined together. When the Foundation Stone sees the Kaab’a approaching, it shall cry out, “Peace be to the great guest”. (Zev Vilnay, Legends of Jerusalem)

The Muslim Kaab’a in Mecca was a very ancient ruined holy site that was rebuilt under God’s direction by Prophets Abraham and his oldest son Ishmael. The Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was built on a site God chose for an offering of Prophet Abraham’s youngest son, and built by Prophet Solomon the son of King David, more than four centuries after Prophet Abraham.  

There is a wonderful legend that explains what linked these two sacred sites that had become holy to the descendants of the two sons of Prophet Abraham. 

“Two brothers who inherited a valley to hilltop farm from their father, divided the land in half so each one could farm his own section. Over time, the older brother married and had four children, while the younger brother was still not married.

One year there was very little rain, and the crop was very meager. 

The younger brother lay awake one  night praying and thought. “My brother has a wife and four children to feed and I have no children. He needs more grain than I do; especially now when grain is scarce.”


So that night the younger brother went to his barn, gathered a large sack of wheat, and left his wheat in his brother’s barn. Then he returned home.
Earlier that very same night, the older brother was also lying awake praying for rain when he thought: “In my old age my wife and I will have our grown children to take care of us, as well as grandchildren  to enjoy, while my brother may have no children. He should at least sell more grain from his fields now, so he can provide for himself in his old age.”



So that night, the older brother also gathered a large sack of wheat, and left it in his brother’s barn, and returned home.

The next morning, the younger brother, surprised to see the amount of grain in his barn seemed unchanged said “I did not take as much wheat as I thought. Tonight I’ll take more.” That same morning, the older brother standing in his barn, was thinking the same thoughts.



After night fell, each brother gathered a greater amount of wheat from his barn and in the dark, secretly delivered it to his brother’s barn. The next morning, the brothers were again puzzled and perplexed. “How can I be mistaken?” each one thought. “There’s the same amount of grain here as there was before. This is impossible! Tonight I’ll make no mistake – I’ll take two large sacks.”



The third night, more determined than ever, each brother gathered two large sacks of wheat from his barn, loaded them onto a cart, and slowly pulled his cart toward his brother’s barn. In the moonlight, each brother noticed a figure in the distance. When the two brothers got closer, each recognized the form of the other and the load he was pulling, and they both realized what had happened. 

Without a word, they dropped the ropes of their carts, ran to each other and embraced.”

God saw the two brothers and thought: “Their love and concern for each other has made these two places worthy of becoming a linked holy sanctuary. Someday their descendants will each build and rebuild a holy House in this valley and on this hill. 

Very few Jews and Muslims realize that for more than 1.000 years, while Jerusalem’s First and Second Temple–Bait ul Muqaddas-Beit HaMiqdash stood, the Jewish festival of Hag Sukkot was celebrated as a Hajj, a pilgrimage festival. The Hebrew word Hag comes from hagag to circle; and the Arabic word Hajj literally means ‘to set out for a special place’.

For Muslims, the Furthest Sanctuary is located in Jerusalem. “Glory to He Who carried His servant by night, from the Holy Sanctuary to the Furthest Sanctuary, the precincts of which We have blessed. so that We might show him some of Our signs. Surely He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing. (Qur’an 17:1) It is significant that the ruins of the Jerusalem Temple was the site of Prophet Muhammad’s ascension—miraj– up to the heavens. 

The Kaa’ba built by Prophets Abraham and Ishmael, was some centuries later polluted by the introduction of idols. Some centuries later King Solomon built a Temple on the site where Prophet Abraham bound Isaac as an offering. Then four and a half centuries later the Temple of Solomon was destroyed by the Babylonians. It was then rebuilt only to again be destroyed some centuries later by the Romans (in 70 CE), who would later pollute the whole site with a Roman city whose buildings and streets were filled with idols. 

One might say the destruction of the Furthest Sanctuary center of monotheistic pilgrimage in Jerusalem by the pagan Romans, was five and a half centuries afterward overcome by Prophet Muhammad’s ascension-miraj up to the heavens, and the soon to be realized removal by Prophet Muhammad of the 360 idols around the paganized Kaa’ba (Holy Sanctuary) in Makkah.

The Prophet Zechariah envisions a future time when God helps humans establish worldwide peace. All the nations in the world then may travel to Makkah and Jerusalem to worship God in peace. It is important for Muslims to realize that during this prophesied future Hajj Sukkot, the future city of Jerusalem (without a physically rebuilt Temple) will welcome both Jews and non-Jews, just as it did in the days when Prophet David (before King Solomon built the Temple) wrote in his Zabur: 

“I rejoiced with those who said to me, “Let us go up to the house of the LORD…There the (12) tribes go up, the tribes of the Lord, as it was decreed for Israel, to give thanks to the name of the Lord.” (Psalm 122:1-4) Orthodox Jews still pray for the ancient Temple to be rebuilt. But Reform Jews stopped doing that two centuries ago. The place is holy; not the building. This is the feeling of the great majority of Jews today who are not Orthodox Jews. 

Just as the Kaa’ba has always welcomed all Muslims who answer the call: “Call upon the people for Hajj. They will come to you on their bare feet, or riding any weak camel, and they come to you from every far desert. (Qur’an 22:27).

There is open land on the Temple Mount, and a three dimensional virtual reality broadcast station could be erected adjacent to the Dome of the Rock fulfilling the vision of  Prophet Micah (4:1-3) “In the end of days the mountain of the Lord’s Temple will be established  as the highest mountain; it will be exalted above the hills, and (monotheistic)  peoples will stream to it. 

Many (not all) nations will come and say, ‘Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the Temple of the God of Jacob. who will teach us his ways, so that we may walk in his paths. Torah will be broadcast out from Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.” provided that Muslim leaders would cooperate.  

So, when all those, both near and far, who revere this place as a standard, share it in love with everyone else who reveres it, then I will do as Abraham requested, and “Make this a land of Peace, and provide its people with the produce of the land”. (Qur’an 2:126). Then will all the children of Abraham be linked in Holiness, Peace and Prosperity.

This story, transmitted orally in both Arabic and Hebrew for many centuries, was finally written down in several versions in the 19th century. Jews believe the hill is Jerusalem. Muslims believe the valley is Mecca.  I believe, God willing, someday we all will see both beliefs as correct. The Qur’an refers to Prophet Abraham the Hebrew (Genesis 14:13) as a community or a nation: “Abraham was a nation/community [Ummah]; dutiful to God, a monotheist [hanif], not one of the polytheists.” (Qur’an 16:120) If Prophet Abraham is an Ummah then fighting between the descendants of Prophets Ishmael and Isaac is a civil war and should always be avoided.

The Qur’an states: “For every nation there is a direction to which they face (in prayer). So hasten towards all that is good. Wherever you may be, Allâh will bring you together. Truly, Allâh is able to do all things.” (Qur’an 2:148) The commentary/Tafsir of al-Jalalayn states: “Everyone, of every community, has his direction/qibla, to which he turns in prayer, so compete with one another in good works; strive with acts of obedience and acceptance of these. Wherever you may be, God will bring you all together, gathering you on the Day of Resurrection and requiting you for your deeds; surely God has power over all things.”

“It was We (God) who revealed the Torah (to Moses); therein was guidance and light. By its standard have the Jews been judged by Prophet (Moses) who bowed to Allah’s will, and by the Rabbis and the Doctors of Law: for to them was entrusted the protection of Allah’s Book (the Torah), and they were witnesses thereto: therefore fear not men, but fear Me, and sell not my signs for a miserable price.” (Qur’an 5:44)

© Eurasia Review