Extreme heat disproportionately affects those from marginalised socio-economic and occupational positions. This article examines the intersection of climate-induced heat stress and mental health among rural workers in Rajasthan through a lens of structural marginalisation. The psychosocial consequences of heat stress range from heightened anxiety, fatigue, and emotional distress to substance use and gender-based violence. The existing heat action plans and climate adaptation strategies largely overlook these mental health dimensions, particularly in rural settings. An inclusive, decentralised, and intersectional climate justice framework that addresses both physical and psychosocial well-being is much needed.

A multi-city study across India found that approximately 1,116 persons die each year due to extreme heat (de Bont et al 2024). Extreme weather events and disasters caused by climate change disproportionately affect those who are already structurally marginalised because of caste, socio-economic class, gender, sexuality, (dis)ability, religion, and geography. As the heatwave in 2025 reached unprecedented temperatures, several groups are recognising the extreme inequality in the impact and experience of climate change and have started advocating for intersectionality in climate justice narratives. For instance, there is a growing consciousness about the observation that the experience of heat is not merely physical but also influenced by one’s social location and the degree of privilege (or lack thereof). In a very short span in 2024, in Delhi alone, 192 people, most of whom were homeless and/or from working-class backgrounds, died because of the recent heatwave (Hindustan Times 2024).

To continue reading, become a subscriber.

Explore our attractive subscription offers.

To gain instant access to this article (download).

(Readers outside India)

© EPW