This is an excerpt from Critical Terrorism Studies: A Dictionary by Lee Jarvis and Alice Martini. Available in all good book stores, and via free download from E-International Relations.

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A conspiracy theory is a typically succinct, and seemingly coherent, set of beliefs that reduce social or political dynamics to the furtive, nefarious plots of powerful organisations and their members. Such theories lack substantial evidence and rely on speculation, a mistrust of official explanations, and assumed hidden agendas. Conspiracy theories often draw on racist arguments, tropes, and claims – as seen in antisemitic narratives about the power and interests of Jewish communities, or in fears surrounding ‘white genocide’ and the ‘great replacement’ theory, which suggest that white populations are being deliberately diminished in Western countries. Conspiracy theories can cover a wide range of topics, from political events and assassinations to health crises and technological advances, and can have significant impact on public opinion and behaviour. While some conspiracy theories may contain or manipulate elements of truth, they generally rely on unverified or entirely fabricated claims and the dismissal or ridiculing of contradictory evidence.

Conspiracy theories often thrive in environments where there is widespread mistrust of political or other authorities. Once........

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