Pakistan’s energy sector is once again in reform mode. Tariff rationalisation, circular debt restructuring, privatisation of distribution companies, and market liberalisation dominate the headlines. Yet, behind this technocratic momentum lies a largely invisible crisis: the everyday reality of millions of Pakistanis trapped in energy poverty.

While governments and donors remain focused on cost recovery and fiscal stabilisation, countless households continue to struggle with unreliable access, unaffordable bills, and steadily declining living conditions. Unless energy poverty is placed at the centre of the reform agenda, Pakistan’s energy transition risks widening existing social and economic divides.

The problem is not just about having an electric connection. Official figures, citing a national electrification rate above 97 per cent, obscure a stark disconnect between grid connectivity and meaningful use. According to the World Bank’s 2023-24 Pakistan Energy Access Survey, only around 3pc of households meet Tier-4 access under the Multi-Tier Framework — a level that denotes electricity supply that is adequate, reliable, and affordable.

Lacking standard indicators or a dedicated strategy, well-intentioned programmes often miss their mark without a clear understanding of who is energy-poor and why

In rural areas, over 7pc of households remain without any electricity. Among those........

© Dawn Business