Confirmed engagements during recent aerial clashes over Kashmir, wherein the Pakistan Air Force downed multiple Indian combat aircraft, including advanced Rafale and Su-30 MKI platforms, mark a significant development. These verifiable outcomes necessitate re-evaluating the regional airpower balance, directly challenging prior assumptions of Indian aerial dominance and highlighting the demonstrated combat effectiveness of Pakistan’s capabilities. It suggests not only a potential shift in the long-assumed airpower balance favouring India but also, perhaps more significantly, the combat validation of China’s advanced aerial warfare technology. On the other hand, India misfired their missile on Amritsar, Iran and Afghanistan

For years, the narrative has centred on India’s qualitative edge, bolstered by sophisticated Western and Russian hardware. Yet, the purported outcomes of these skirmishes compel us to dissect the factors at play. At the tactical level, the evidence points towards specific technological advantages potentially wielded by Pakistan, primarily sourced from China.

Pakistan’s deployment of the Chinese PL-15E BVR missile against India, marking its apparent combat debut, is telling. Expert analysis (e.g., RUSI’s Justin Bronk) indicates the PL-15 family’s advanced design, with features like an AESA seeker and dual-pulse motor, offers........

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