By 2100, the international landscape has shifted profoundly. China, having surpassed the US in economic output by mid-century, has consolidated its position as one of the world's leading economic powers through technological strength, infrastructure diplomacy, covert intelligence activities, and a political system that has remained relatively stable due to tight central control.

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Its leadership in artificial intelligence, quantum networks, green megaprojects, and automated manufacturing forms the backbone of a new global economic architecture-despite the challenges of an ageing population and slower growth.

The US, still influential and wealthy, has experienced a long, gradual erosion of primacy. Domestic political fragmentation in the 2030s and 2040s, along with uneven adaptation to automation and climate disruptions, made it more inward-looking. America remains a major power - culturally magnetic and innovative in several fields-but is no longer the world's default leader, instead anchoring alliances in the Western Hemisphere and playing a more regional - though still globally relevant - role.

Europe functions as a regulatory superpower with a distinct cultural and ecological identity, but with a majority of its population over 50 and continued dependence on imported energy and rare earths, it remains vulnerable to external pressures.

India and Indonesia have emerged as demographic giants. India has been the world's most populous country for more than 70 years and still has a relatively young population. It will be the next global superpower. Indonesia now has 400 million people. By contrast, China's population is now profoundly aged, yet China remains the central node in global commerce, digital standards, and long-term planning initiatives.

Australia, shaped by climate........

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