Introduction:

Environmental justice refers to the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, in the development, implementation, andenforcement of environmental laws and policies. In Pakistan, environmental justice is a pressing issue due to the country’s vulnerability to climate change, widespread pollution, and the disproportionate impact of environmental degradation on marginalized communities. This article explores the challenges of environmental justice in Pakistan, focusing on climate change, water scarcity, and industrial pollution, while also examining efforts to address these issues.

Climate change and its disproportionate impact:

Pakistan is one of the countries most affected by climate change, despite contributing less than1% of global greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2021). The country faces frequent natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which disproportionately affect poor and ruralcommunities. For instance, the devastating floods of 2022 displaced over 33 million people, with rural populations in Sindh and Balochistan bearing the brunt of the disaster (UNDP, 2022).

These communities often lack the resources to........

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