Fifteen theoretical models allow us to better understand the “new antisemitism.”  Contemporary Jewish hatred involves hostility toward Jews that is manifested not through traditional racial or religious stereotypes but rather through opposition to Israel or globalization recasting negative references to Jews and Israel in political or conspiratorial terms.

Anti-Zionism and Its Overlaps: While legitimate criticism of Israeli policy exists, some forms of anti-Zionism cross into antisemitism. Three measures are employed to identify this phenomenon:

On the political left, anti-Zionism has been employed along with post-colonial frameworks casting Israel as a settler-colonial project.

Anti-Globalism and Conspiratorial Thinking: Anti-globalist rhetoric, particularly in populist or nationalist movements, sometimes blames “global elites” or “cosmopolitans” — euphemisms echo antisemitic tropes about Jewish financial or media control. Internet subcultures have revived classic conspiracies like those found in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, reframed for the digital age, creating “globalists,” “Soros,” and “Davos elites”.

Postmodernism’s Indirect Influence: By emphasizing relativism and the deconstruction of universal truths, postmodernism has influenced identity politics and post-colonial thought. Some critics argue that postmodern frameworks enable the delegitimization of Jewish national identity (Zionism) while advancing other ethnic or indigenous claims.

Islamic Thought and Islamist Ideology:........

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