Road safety has become a pressing concern globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where rapid motorization has not been matched by proportionate investments in infrastructure and enforcement. Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.3 million people die every year in road crashes, with tens of millions suffering minor-to-grievous injuries.

The United Nations declared the Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011–2020), renewed for 2021–2030, aiming to halve global deaths and injuries. WHO advocates the “Safe Systems” approach, emphasizing that human error is inevitable and systems must, therefore, be designed to absorb mistakes without catastrophic consequences. Road safety has emerged as one of the foremost governance and developmental concerns in India. With only 1 per cent of the world’s vehicles, but almost 11 per cent of global fatalities, India epitomizes the severity of the problem. Young people (18-45 years) make up more than 70 per cent of those killed, striking at the heart of demographic productivity, thereby also weakening our drive for reaping demographic dividends.

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Projections suggest that if current trends continue, road crashes could become the fifth leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. India is at the epicentre of this crisis. With more than 4.6 lakh accidents reported in 2022 and over 1.68 lakh fatalities, India remains among the countries with the highest number of road traffic accident-related deaths. In India, the road accident crisis is both a mobility challenge and a developmental concern, draining between 3-5 per cent of the GDP annually. Beyond the statistics lies the devastating social impact: most victims are young adults in their most productive years, leading to not just personal tragedy, but also loss of human capital and social disruptions. The discourse on road safety in India has historically been fragmented, with limited institutional focus until the last two decades.

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The National Road Safety Policy (2010) was among the first comprehensive efforts to articulate India’s vision, emphasizing stricter enforcement, infrastructure audits, and public awareness. The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act of 2019 further strengthened this framework, introducing higher penalties, mandatory insurance, and provisions for technology-enabled monitoring. Observers identify heterogeneous........

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