n the 21st Century, China has emerged not only as the preeminent Asian power but also as a decisive global actor shaping the future of geopolitics. Its sustained economic growth, rapid military modernisation and strategic foresight have elevated Beijing into a position of regional superiority that eclipses India’s long-standing aspirations to become South Asia’s hegemon. In contrast to China’s clarity of vision and strategic cohesion, India continues to struggle with inefficiency and inconsistent diplomacy. Its defence infrastructure too does not match its regional leadership ambitions.

China’s defence technology transformation is unparalleled in the developing world. It has shifted from being a regional power with a modest military footprint to a global military actor capable of challenging Western powers. The People’s Liberation Army has systematically modernised its arsenal deploying advanced hypersonic missiles, long-range precision strike systems, nuclear capable submarines and stealth combat aircraft.

China’s emphasis on indigenous innovation, as opposed to dependence on foreign suppliers, reflects its strategic maturity. The development of homegrown platforms like the J-20 stealth fighter, Type 055 destroyers and BeiDou satellite navigation system demonstrates China’s autonomy in critical military technologies. In cyber, electronic warfare, space and artificial intelligence, Beijing is already shaping future combat doctrines. India, by contrast, continues to rely on foreign imports for over 60 percent of its defence equipment, mostly procured from Russia and France. This dependence highlights a persistent technological gap and lack of industrial capability.

India’s opaque defence procurement process, budget constraints and chronic inter-service........

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